Particle & Surface Sciences Australia (PsS™) would like to introduce the Micromeritics range of density measurement instrumentation. Accupyc 1340™ Automatic Gas Pycnometer (see Fig. 5) and the GeoPyc 1360 Automatic Envelope Density & T.A.P. Analyzers (see Fig. 6).
Gas pycnometers are being used worldwide to obtain material density measurements. These measurements are necessary in the manufacture of many of today’s products. Simply defined as mass divided by volume (g/cm3), density measurements guide the formulation process and influence the overall quality of manufactured products. Measuring the volume of a rigid, solid material of simple geometry is straightforward. However, measuring the volume of a material with an irregular shape presents a challenge. Archimedes succeeded in measuring the density of King Hiero II’s crown by immersing it in water and measuring the volume of water displaced. This technique, now known as pycnometry, is still appropriate for nonporous objects and, with variations, for porous objects. Now, however, the displaced medium may be a gas, liquid, or fine powder.
Many materials have within their structure pores made up of cracks, crevices and tortuous passageways. This leads to three different definitions of density, each requiring different techniques for measurement. The first type of density measurement determines only the solid volume of the sample material (by excluding the open pores and voids within the material), while the second determines the density of the sample as defined to include the open and closed pore spaces within. The third definition of density defines sample volume in terms of the volume of a container into which a quantity of material composed of multiple pieces can be placed. This measurement includes not only the pore spaces within each piece but also the spaces among the pieces and requires a still different technique of assessment.
ABSOLUTE DENSITY
Absolute density (also termed the true, real, apparent, or skeletal density) is obtained when the volume measured excludes the pores as well as the void spaces between particles within the bulk sample. Until recently absolute density was determined using water or another liquid which was expected to fill the pores in the sample, thus removing their volume from the measurement. Sometimes the material was subjected to boiling in a liquid to ensure pore penetration and sometimes the sample was evacuated prior to immersion to assist pore filling. However, surface tension effects and entrapped gases resisted the filling of very small pores. Micromeritics offers helium (or other gas) pycnometers that are much more accurate and easier to use. They are faster than liquid-based techniques because gases easily, quickly, and thoroughly fill the minutest pore spaces. The absolute density determined by helium pycnometry is being ever more frequently referred to simply as the ‘helium density.
ENVELOPE DENSITY
Envelope density (sometimes called the bulk density) is determined for porous materials when pore spaces within the material particles are included in the volume measurement. The Micromeritics envelope density analyzer uses a free-flowing dry powder as the displaced medium. The material to be tested is surrounded by this medium that does not penetrate pores but conforms to irregular surface contours to form a tight-fitting ‘envelope. This dry powder medium permits rapid, easy-to-make density measurements without damaging or contaminating the sample. Envelope density values are less than absolute densities when the material is porous; values for absolute and envelope density are equal for nonporous materials. Total porosity can be calculated from a measure of both absolute and envelope density on the same material.
Micromeritics offers pycnometry instruments that can rapidly measure the envelope density of porous objects of irregular size and shape.
BULK (TAP) DENSITY
The density obtained from filling a container with the sample material and vibrating it to obtain near optimum packing is also called bulk density by some. It frequently is referred to as ‘tap’ density because it has traditionally been measured by mechanical devices that lift then drop the container, producing a loud tapping noise. Such a measurement is of great interest in packing and shipping items like breakfast cereal and other bulky products. Tap density is not an inherent property of a material but depends on particle size distribution and shape as well as measurement techniques. Since interparticle voids are included in the measurement, tap density is always a lesser value than envelope density. Micromeritics provides instruments which have the ability to obtain precise results comparable to traditional tap density measurements. They are ideal for obtaining the packing densities of powder and bulk materials.
DEFINITIONS
True density - The mass of a particle divided by its volume, excluding open and closed pores.
Envelope volume - The external volume of a particle, powder, or monolith such as would be obtained by tightly shrinking a film to contain it.
Bulk density - The apparent powder density under defined conditions.
Tap density - The apparent powder density obtained under stated conditions of tapping.
APPLICATIONS
The number of industries that depend on density determination is extensive. In the agricultural industry, the density of grains, feeds, tobacco, fertilizer, insecticides, and soil samples are measured. The ceramic industry uses density and specific gravity measurements on ceramic whiteware materials. In the pharmaceutical industry, density measurements are correlated with solubility rates of powders and tablets. The production of construction materials such as insulation, bricks, and tiles requires the determination of absolute density. The manufacture of carbon and graphite materials requires bulk density measurements. Studying the reaction rate of porous catalysts is augmented by measurements of particle density and volume. Other industries that benefit from density measurement include plastics, glass, powder metallurgy, paint,textile, and pulp and paper.
Please contact PsS™ for the latest brochures on Density Analysis by Micromeritics Corporation, U.S.A..
Particle & Surface Sciences are also the sole distributors throughout Australia and New Zealand for internationally renowned high quality particle characterization instrumentation from Ankersmid, Dataphysics, DOP Solutions, Micromeritics, Lighthouse Worldwide Solutions, NanoSight Technology, Clemex, Impact Test equipment, Mipoy and their own products the PsS™ POLA 2000™, POLA 3000™ particle counters.
Particle testing solutions are also available at the Particle and Surface Sciences Analytical Services Laboratory. Our Laboratory services include the characterization of particle size, particle shape, particle counting, surface area, nanoparticle testing, micropore analysis, density, sieving, pore size by gas adsorption or mercury porosimetry. If you would like a copy of our Analytical Laboratory Services Catalogue, please visit our website.
Material Density Measurements
Material Density Measurements Proven Techniques
Particle & Surface Sciences Australia (PsS™) would like to introduce the Micromeritics range of density measurement instrumentation. Accupyc 1340™ Automatic Gas Pycnometer (see Fig. 5) and the GeoPyc 1360 Automatic Envelope Density & T.A.P. Analyzers (see Fig. 6).
Gas pycnometers are being used worldwide to obtain material density measurements. These measurements are necessary in the manufacture of many of today’s products. Simply defined as mass divided by volume (g/cm3), density measurements guide the formulation process and influence the overall quality of manufactured products. Measuring the volume of a rigid, solid material of simple geometry is straightforward. However, measuring the volume of a material with an irregular shape presents a challenge. Archimedes succeeded in measuring the density of King Hiero II’s crown by immersing it in water and measuring the volume of water displaced. This technique, now known as pycnometry, is still appropriate for nonporous objects and, with variations, for porous objects. Now, however, the displaced medium may be a gas, liquid, or fine powder.
Many materials have within their structure pores made up of cracks, crevices and tortuous passageways. This leads to three different definitions of density, each requiring different techniques for measurement. The first type of density measurement determines only the solid volume of the sample material (by excluding the open pores and voids within the material), while the second determines the density of the sample as defined to include the open and closed pore spaces within. The third definition of density defines sample volume in terms of the volume of a container into which a quantity of material composed of multiple pieces can be placed. This measurement includes not only the pore spaces within each piece but also the spaces among the pieces and requires a still different technique of assessment.
ABSOLUTE DENSITY
Absolute density (also termed the true, real, apparent, or skeletal density) is obtained when the volume measured excludes the pores as well as the void spaces between particles within the bulk sample. Until recently absolute density was determined using water or another liquid which was expected to fill the pores in the sample, thus removing their volume from the measurement. Sometimes the material was subjected to boiling in a liquid to ensure pore penetration and sometimes the sample was evacuated prior to immersion to assist pore filling. However, surface tension effects and entrapped gases resisted the filling of very small pores. Micromeritics offers helium (or other gas) pycnometers that are much more accurate and easier to use. They are faster than liquid-based techniques because gases easily, quickly, and thoroughly fill the minutest pore spaces. The absolute density determined by helium pycnometry is being ever more frequently referred to simply as the ‘helium density.
ENVELOPE DENSITY
Envelope density (sometimes called the bulk density) is determined for porous materials when pore spaces within the material particles are included in the volume measurement. The Micromeritics envelope density analyzer uses a free-flowing dry powder as the displaced medium. The material to be tested is surrounded by this medium that does not penetrate pores but conforms to irregular surface contours to form a tight-fitting ‘envelope. This dry powder medium permits rapid, easy-to-make density measurements without damaging or contaminating the sample. Envelope density values are less than absolute densities when the material is porous; values for absolute and envelope density are equal for nonporous materials. Total porosity can be calculated from a measure of both absolute and envelope density on the same material.
Micromeritics offers pycnometry instruments that can rapidly measure the envelope density of porous objects of irregular size and shape.
BULK (TAP) DENSITY
The density obtained from filling a container with the sample material and vibrating it to obtain near optimum packing is also called bulk density by some. It frequently is referred to as ‘tap’ density because it has traditionally been measured by mechanical devices that lift then drop the container, producing a loud tapping noise. Such a measurement is of great interest in packing and shipping items like breakfast cereal and other bulky products. Tap density is not an inherent property of a material but depends on particle size distribution and shape as well as measurement techniques. Since interparticle voids are included in the measurement, tap density is always a lesser value than envelope density. Micromeritics provides instruments which have the ability to obtain precise results comparable to traditional tap density measurements. They are ideal for obtaining the packing densities of powder and bulk materials.
DEFINITIONS
True density - The mass of a particle divided by its volume, excluding open and closed pores.
Envelope volume - The external volume of a particle, powder, or monolith such as would be obtained by tightly shrinking a film to contain it.
Bulk density - The apparent powder density under defined conditions.
Tap density - The apparent powder density obtained under stated conditions of tapping.
APPLICATIONS
The number of industries that depend on density determination is extensive. In the agricultural industry, the density of grains, feeds, tobacco, fertilizer, insecticides, and soil samples are measured. The ceramic industry uses density and specific gravity measurements on ceramic whiteware materials. In the pharmaceutical industry, density measurements are correlated with solubility rates of powders and tablets. The production of construction materials such as insulation, bricks, and tiles requires the determination of absolute density. The manufacture of carbon and graphite materials requires bulk density measurements. Studying the reaction rate of porous catalysts is augmented by measurements of particle density and volume. Other industries that benefit from density measurement include plastics, glass, powder metallurgy, paint,textile, and pulp and paper.
Please contact PsS™ for the latest brochures on Density Analysis by Micromeritics Corporation, U.S.A..
Particle & Surface Sciences are also the sole distributors throughout Australia and New Zealand for internationally renowned high quality particle characterization instrumentation from Ankersmid, Dataphysics, DOP Solutions, Micromeritics, Lighthouse Worldwide Solutions, NanoSight Technology, Clemex, Impact Test equipment, Mipoy and their own products the PsS™ POLA 2000™, POLA 3000™ particle counters.
Particle testing solutions are also available at the Particle and Surface Sciences Analytical Services Laboratory. Our Laboratory services include the characterization of particle size, particle shape, particle counting, surface area, nanoparticle testing, micropore analysis, density, sieving, pore size by gas adsorption or mercury porosimetry. If you would like a copy of our Analytical Laboratory Services Catalogue, please visit our website.
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Fig. 1: Density sphere
Fig. 2: Absolute density
Fig. 3: Envelope density
Fig. 4: Bulk TAP density
Fig. 5: Accupyc 1340™ Automatic Gas Pycnometer
Fig. 6: GeoPyc 1360 Automatic Envelope Density & T.A.P. Analyzers
Attachments
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